This session focuses on advanced MRI methods for characterizing multiple sclerosis. The presentations cover a broad range of cutting-edge approaches, including explainable deep learning, quantitative and microstructural imaging, myelin and iron mapping, central vein sign detection, vascular and blood–brain barrier dysfunction, and translational studies spanning animal models and human cohorts. Together, these talks illustrate how innovative MRI techniques provide mechanistic insight, enable disease differentiation, and support the development of imaging biomarkers with clinical relevance.